Decision-Making Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision-Making - Case Study Example Therefore, it can safely be said that it is not the acquiring of the knowledge itself, but the methods of choosing the relevant information and implementing it is a much more daunting task for the leaders and the management of an organization. In the year 2009, the American government announced a fiscal budget cut in the funds that it allotted to the Medicaid services. The Medicaid is an entity which is operating in all the states of the country under different names and which provides healthcare services to the eligible American citizens, most of whom are in the lower income bracket. A 15 % budget cut in this regard has brought the Medicaid departments all across the USA to a as to how they should operate on the fewer resources and which services and programs should be continued and which would have to be discontinued. Barondess (2007), notes that many of the long term facilities that Medicaid provides are already struggling to provide quality care to patients while juggling multiple problems such as a shortage of trained workforce, and a budget cut would only increase these problems and would almost surely eliminate funding for a number of programs that Medicaid runs, and the elderly will be the ones who get effected by it the worst. In such circumstances, as mentioned before, rises the issue of the importance of making an informed decision as the consequences of the choices made have a direct influence on the health standards of a large number of people. For this purpose, and to aid health services to make a well informed policy restructuring decision, the authors Rundall et al. have presented the concept of the Informed Decision Toolbox which â€Å"facilitates the use of research evidence in decision making†. the Informed Decision Toolbox is a set of standardized tools that instruct policy makers at health organizations on how they can find, access and adapt

Moby Dick Narrative Essay Example for Free

Moby Dick Narrative Essay 1.In this video, we immediately learn of an obsessed captain who wants revenge. Why does he want revenge and against whom or what? The captain wants revenge because he lost his leg to Moby Dick. 2.Who is the narrator of Moby Dick and what is the first line of the novel? The first line of the novel is â€Å"Call me Ishmael† and the narrator is Ishmael. 3.There are two significant Biblical allusions mentioned in the film. To whom do these allusions reference? How are the names significant? The two significant Biblical allusions are Captain Ahab which is the King Ahab in the Bible and the whale, which is a symbol of God or the Devil. See more: how to start a narrative essay for college 4.The narrator states that Moby Dick symbolizes three different meanings for three different characters. List the characters and the meaning which Moby Dick symbolizes for each of them. Captain Ahab sees Moby Dick as the devil. Starbuck sees Moby Dick as just a fish and Ishmael accepts both of them. 5.Why did Melville choose to write about whaling? Why was the industry significant? At that time whale oil was very popular and it made the whale industry a hit, therefore; Melville wrote about whales. 6.What did Melville do when he was 21? He set sail towards the South Pacific, but after four years he returned and wrote about his visit with everyone on the island 7.What established writer did Melville befriend while he was writing Moby Dick? While he wrote Moby Dick he befriended Nathaniel Hawthorne. 8.Comment on the four harpooners of the Pequod; politically, why were they significant? The four harpooners were of different races and represented different cultures. 9.What happens to the Pequod towards the end of the book? Ahab? Ishmael? They were out at sea, and noticed that deep in the ocean a whale was giving birth, but that all of it was terrorized because of other whalers that set in. Ahab is killed and Ishmael is the only survivor of Pequod. 10.What were the final years of Melville like? Melvilles final years were filled with personal tragedies and failure. 1.Ahab, do you think if you killed Moby Dick, your life would be better? 2.Ahab, do you want revenge because of the loss of your leg or because he took something more than your leg, like your pride? 3.Ahab, what would you have done if the whale didnt bite your leg? 4.Ahab, why dont you every mention your wife or son? Is a whale more important than them? 5.Ahab, how do feel about yourself knowing that you let people die for your obsession with Moby Dick?

The Ibo Way Of Life :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart, a novel by African native Chinua Achebe, introduces an unusual culture to the reader. He shares a strange new way of life not customary to popular beliefs. Through a detailed description of the Ibo culture such as role, political ideologies and unique rituals, Achebe shows humanity in a different perspective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ibo culture is a completely male dominated tribe. By being a successful warrior and farmer, men gain respect and high titles. Unfortunately, women do not have those opportunities and are considered more as property than human beings. In the first chapter, we meet Okonkwo, a highly respected leader. He has three wives who share only him as a husband. When a woman is old enough to marry, her family must approve the suitor, and then she is purchased with cowries and other livestock. The woman’s duties after marriage is to stay at home to cook, clean and raise the children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As seen by roles each play in this tribe, it is obvious that the Ibo’s political ideologies are purely masculine and violently led. Villages will sacrifice other members of their village when a debt is owed, not knowing what is to become of them. In Ikemefuma’s case, he is sacrificed to the Umuofia tribe and is to live there for three years. When his three years are through with, he is violently murdered as ordered by the village elders. The boy stayed in Okonkwo’s Obi and learned to call him father. Okonkwo still took part in his violent murder. Other punishments of the tribe are hanging and banishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most unique things about the Ibo cultures id their superstitions. It is believed that if a woman has two or more miscarriages that her children all share the same spirit. To keep this child from dying, they must find this child’s rock or mutilate the child’s body. Another superstition deals with the kola nut. The kola nut was broken and eaten every meal and was said to bring good life to people.

Meaning of Irish Place Names and Surnames

A little bit about the history of Irish place names. It may come as a surprise, but only a small portion of names comes directly from English language. The big majority of names here are anglicisations of Irish (Gaeilge) names and few names come from Old Norse. The name of Ireland itself comes from the Gaeilge name Eire, added to the Germanic word land. In mythology, Eire was an Irish goddess of the land and of sovereignty. My boyfriend? s surname is Doyle, the twelfth most common surname in Ireland. Now we know that the statement that the name is derived form the Irish word Doibh (meaning dark, gloomy, melancholy) can be disregarded as it is generally accepted that the correct derivation is dhubh-ghall, meaning Norse invader or dark foreigner. Its variations in English are Doyelle, Doyley, MacDowell or O Dubhghaill in Irish. One of my best friend ? s surname is Ruane. It is an anglicized form of the Old Gaelic â€Å"_O'Ruadhain_†, which translates as â€Å"the descendant of the red one†. We don’t know whether â€Å"Ruadhan† (red) refers to complexion of skin or red hair, or to some event relating to the abilities as a warrior but it is a descriptive nickname from the pre-medieval period. I have to note here that my friend Aidan is neither ginger nor a warrior. Overall, all I have to admit is that I had great fun discovering facts about origin of Irish place names and surnames. I have a better understanding about the importance of Irish language and the heritage it brings. I got to know Irish history better and will definitely keep eyes open even more next time when travelling around Ireland. References: The internet surname database – www. surnamedb. com The internet Library database – www. libraryireland. com The internet place names database – www. logainm. ie The internet database to find Irish roots – www. youririshroots. com The internet Irish friend – www. dochara. ie The internet Learn Irish – http://talkirish. com/ The Irish times – www. irishtimes. com

Chechen Refugee Camps and Education Essay

The creation of schools is one of the leading ways to produce hope and stability in refugee camps. Many would love to go to school because, currently they have no other option, but to teach themselves. Refugees can recall having great memories of their past school experiences, which they use as motivation to continue to learn. On account of my involvement with a refugee relief organization, I have been assigned the job of creating schools in the Chechen refugee camps of Chechnya. The primary means of survival and daily focus for these refugees have been through humanitarian aid. That assistance is made up of shelter, clothing, food, and basic necessities. Securing those fundamental desiderata for the camps has been a priority for continued existence. The steps for prosperous implementation of an education program are presented and discussed. When we look at successful communities, countries and cultivation, training is a key component to meet the immediate needs of its members and plan for long term sustainability and emergence for hereafter generations. According to Yusupov (2012), â€Å"when lack of educational opportunities comes into play, the very heart and foundation of communities begins to crumble and the ability to nurture and feed its residents is seriously at risk†(p.1). Everyone has the ambition and potential to become better, but without an education at what point can they start. Three Topics I Would Like to Better Understand Before Beginning the Project The final objective of the Chechens is to return to their country and homes day. It would be wise for the Russians and Chechens to make sure that everyone within the camp is very well educated so that they can be effective once they return home. It is important for the Chechens to be able to support their families, and that their children grow up educated, productive community citizens without the threat of future displacement to refugee  camps. The development of an education system in the refugee camps is an impressive yet intimidating task. For that reason, the three things that I would like to understand before obligating me to this project are: 1) How long are the refugee camps offered as a necessary placement for the Chechens to be located in, 2) How and when can I start compiling data on the education levels of all the refugees within the camp on the different subjects of reading, writing and math, 3) How would I start to find out the mental health problems of those due to the traumatic change in environment and lose of identity, 4) I would have to find suitable teachers, buildings, and who will be funding the program. Hopefully, there are suitable buildings because this will be another expense we would have to look at for funding purposes. Having a psychologist within the school would also help tremendously because many students need the counseling. All of these items are needed in order to get things in order for the start of the project. Of course, there will be other things that I would like to better understand, but those will come up in the progress of the work. Ethnocentric Challenges That May Arise When Planning the Project There have been ongoing and unresolved issues among the Russians and Chechens for many years. According to DeWaal (2002), â€Å"Russians believe that Islam has maintained a stronghold in Chechnya communities for many years†(p.1). The fighting has coerced Chechens into refugee camps, while trying to hold onto their cultures, traditions, and customs while surviving in very dif ficult conditions. With their surroundings already so violent and each group is trying to maintain their way of living, it creates frictions and ethnocentricity ways may arise. Culturally, it is known that Chechens is very ethnocentric. One of the ethnocentric challenges that I may encounter while planning the project is the attitudes of the Russians being so high because of the Chechens ethnocentrism. With all the work that I would have to do, am I able to give the dreams and desires to the consumers of the project. Is ethnocentrism such a challenge that it may inhibit the development of positive relationships between the Chechens and Russians to the point that the project would be in peril? With the school being such a positive influence in their community, I would have high hopes that they would agree to disagree and come to and understanding among each other. Many of the Chechens would be so happy that they have a place to call home they would  not worry about the animosity, but the Russians probably would not let down their guard to reconcile. Discussion of Types of Questions a Researcher Would Ask As the implementation plan for the development of an educational system in Chechen refugee camps begins to formulate, the types of questions I would ask are: 1) For both the parents and children, what are your dreams and desires for when you return home, 2) What subjects in school do you like the most and which do you like the least, 3) For project design, given the large numbers of refugees in camps, what is the most strategic way to design, implement and sustain an educational system, 4) Have attempts been made in the past to develop an educational system and, if so, what kept them from happening and becoming successful. Sukarieh and Tannock state that a large number of researchers and social service people visit the refugee camps, interviewed the residents, and rarely follow through on promises made (Sukarieh & Tannock, 2012). Finally, it is a key element to secure data and information related to the levels of trauma and psychological stress of the children in the refugee camps in order to assess readiness for education, exams, and ability to learn. There have been both short and long term impact of trauma on refugee children, and the mental health of children in refugee camps (Rosseau, Measham, Nadeau, 2012). These same authors found that schools can be an impetus for change and partner in the psychological healing of traumatized children in refugee camps; assisting in the detection of mental health issues because parents and other family members trust schools and teachers enough to disclose that type of personal information with them. Conclusion Sensitive introductory work must take place before the preliminary plan can be devised to develop, implement, and maintain an educational system in Chechen refugee camps. Many refugee residents have experienced a lack of educational opportunities for months or even years since their schools were destroyed by bombings and shelling’s over the course of the two wars. Preparing the camp citizens for the educational experience, and revitalizing or developing the skill sets necessary for school success, will be a major aspect of the preliminary work of project development. Promises have been  made and broken related to the possibility of bringing formal education to the refugee camps, bringing disappointment and sadness to the lives of young children and parents alike. Camp residents are wary of any similar plans, but are welcoming and anxious to have education available for anyone who desires to participate. It is necessary to know more about the promises made and broken by camp visitors, in order to begin to build trust and confidence that I can execute this plan for the refugees. Becoming immersed in the daily life, schedules and activities of the refugee camp residents will begin to build trust, and afford opportunities for discussion and gathering of data. At that time, it will be critical to engage key refugee camp leaders in the discussion, planning and development of the camps so they begin to take ownership in the project and create the impetus for hope and stability amongst the refugees. Accomplishing all these goals would allow my project to become a success and give Chechens refugee camps the ability to learn and become successful. References De Waal, T. (2002). Greetings from Gozny. Fighting for Chechnya: Is Islam a factor? Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/greetings-from-grozny/fighting-for-chechnya-is-islam-a-factor/3078/ Rousseau, C., Measham, T., & Nadeau, L. (2012). Addressing trauma in collaborative mental health care for refugee children. Retrieved from http://ccp.sagepub.com/content/18/1/121 Sukarieh, M. & Tannock, S. (2012). On the problem of over-researched communities: The case of the Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://soc.sagepub.com/content/47/3/494 Yusupov, M. (2012). The social situation in the Chechen Republic: Problems and trends. Retrieved from http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/

Human Rights and Amnesty International essays

Human Rights and Amnesty International essays In 1961, London lawyer Peter Benenson read about a group of students in Portugal who were arrested and jailed for raising a toast to freedom in a public restaurant. This incident prompted him to launch a one-year campaign called "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" in the London Observer. The "Appeal for Amnesty" called for the release of all people imprisoned because of peaceful expression of their beliefs, politics, race, religion, color, or national origin. Benenson called these people, "prisoners of conscience." He planned to encourage people to write letters to government officials in countries, which had prisoners of conscience, calling for their release. The campaign grew enormously, spread to other countries, and by the end of 1961 the organization, Amnesty International, had been formed. Amnesty International's vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of this vision, Amnesty International's mission is to undertake research and action focussed on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to promote all human rights. I believe that this mission statement is compatible with Catholic social teaching. Amnesty International addresses governments, intergovernmental organizations, armed political groups, companies, and other non-state actors. Amnesty International seeks to disclose human rights abuses accurately, quickly and persistently. It systematically and impartially researches the facts of individual cases and patterns of human rights abuses. These findings are publicised, and members, supporters and of amnesty international staff mobilize public pressure on governments and others to stop the abuses. In addition to its work on specific vio...

History of Rugby

History of Rugby Free Online Research Papers The birth of rugby began in England and has developed and spread throughout Britain into one of the nations top played and watched sports. Rugby is a tough sport not only physically but also mentally. It all began in England in the early 1800s and has grown into a huge sport all across Britain with hundreds of teams. A lot of things are different in its early begging stages from how it played today to how the position and fields are set up. My five topics are how rugby was founded, the early rules of rugby, and the early type of apparel worn, the field of play, and its positions. How rugby was actually founded is shrouded in mystery. One of its most famous legends of how it all started took place in 1823 at Rugby School in Warwickshire, England. When William Webb Ellis was playing a football game (soccer) at Rugby School instead of following the rules picked up the ball and ran toward the opponent’s goal (Powell 1). All who witnessed this became intrigued on the idea of running the ball and spread the word. To commiserate Ellis in his actions a stone was placed outside of Rugby School etched with the writing, â€Å"This stone commemorates the Exploit of William Webb Ellis who with a fine disregard of the rules of football as played in his time, first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game A.D. 1823† (General History of Rugby 1). Most historians believe this to be urban legend, but not all of it is made up. It is known that at Rugby School is where Rugby became codified into a sport ( Fagan 1). While other schools in the area moved ahead refining their rules of football, Rugby school developed differently, and by the 1830s running with the ball a Rugby School was in common use. As word of this new game spread, rugby clubs started to appear all around England in 1870(General History of Rugby 1). The early rules were not formed right away; it took a period of years to create. As each new rugby club sprang up, they used different rules because there were no official rules created yet. To fix this, a meeting was held on January 26, 1871 where twenty two clubs from all around England attended to agree on setting rules. This is where the Rugby Union was founded. Following the founding of the Rugby Union, a committee was formed consisting of ex- rugby school studiers who formed a set of law or rules to help unify the game (General History of Rugby 1). By June 1871 they had accomplished their task and an official set of rules were made. Their rules were associated with the type of equipment worn, scoring, and player- to- played contact. The scoring system worked almost the same as modern day rugby. A try at goal worth three points, a converted try five points, penalty goal three points and four points for a field goal. The cross bar was accompanied by a rule that a goal could only be scored by the ball passing over the bar from a placed kick or drop kick (History of Rugby 2). Player- to- player contact rules were created to prevent players from seriously injuring each other, but injures and even deaths were quite common in it early history, for example, hacking over was prohibited because it could leave a player with bad bruises or even broken shins, and after rugby first official season was over there was a total of seventy one deaths caused by heat stroke to broken bones and even massive head injuries. They also introduced an off-your-side rule which was used to keep the teams apart and passing the ball forward was not allowed (History of Rugby 2). Some of the rules that were about player equipment, for example, studs in boots can be worn but had to be cylindrical and not less then  ¾ inch in diameter. Studs must be made of leather and have to be fastened to boots by at least three nails. Rubber studs were added in 1948, aluminum in 1953, and plastic in 1 954 (Rugby Football History 2). The early type of apparel worn and equipment used by Rugby players was limited because; rugby acquired little or no equipment/ apparel at all. Due to the lack of equipment injuries were extremely common. In 1839 the Rugby School was the first to adopt a Rugby uniform. The uniform included a cap, trousers, boots, and long sleeve shirts with their choice of color decided by the team (Rugby Football History 3). The cap also know as the Scrum Cap is made from light leather or sturdy cloth some people thing the scrum cap was used for head protection but that is completely false, the only protection scrum caps offered was ear protection because it had flaps that cover the players ears to protect them from getting grab and even torn off.. The player’s trousers were made of a light sturdy cloth, and the long – sleeved shirt was made of cotton, which allowed ventilation and there usually was a collar with the player’s number on the back, and on the upper front left corner of the player’s shirt was the team or club badge (Powell 9). The first rugby balls were made of an inflated sheep bladder. The first rugby fields were about one hundred and ten yards long and about seventy five yards wide. Most fields were covered in grass, but clay and sand field surfaces were acceptable even though they made players much more susceptible to injury (Powell 6). The lines on early rugby fields were marked in white; there were four types of lines: touch lines, goal lines, dead-ball lines, and touch-in-goal lines. Touch lines are the perimeters of the field down the sides, goal lines are located at each end of the field, and in the center of the goal line there is a field goal. Dead-ball lines are located at each end of the field and are also perimeters. Touch-in-goal lines are located at the ends of both sides of the field at the corner where the touch line and dead-ball line come together (Powell 6 7). If a team has any objection about the field or the field markings, they must tell the referee before the start of the game. All the positions in Rugby require skills such as sprinting can handle the ball, pass the ball, kick the ball, and tackle. In early Rugby their were seven main positions and theses positions are the Fullback, which is the last line of defense and he must be reliable, a good tackler, an excellent kicker, a good ball handler, and a fast runner. The Wings are the fastest sprinters on any team, must run straight and close to the touch lines, and always carries the ball in both hands. Centers , there are two of them, one left the other right, they align themselves in a three quarter line next to each other, their most important role is to be on his opposite center who has the ball so they can be tackled fast. The fly-half kicks the ball high and deep, and are extensions to the scrum half. The scrum-half role is to determine how the play develops after the forward have gained the ball. The half- back role is to watch where the ball goes at any moment and try to get it. The Line-out role is to jump and catch the ball or to tap it to one of his players (Powell 51-87). The sport of rugby has come a long way from its early beginnings back in the 1800’s, and has exploded into a huge sport in Britain and all around the world. Rugby is still a very physical and mental sport today but that would be the case if the men who started it didn’t play rugged and physical. How Rugby was actually founded is still a mystery, but what is known is that a lot of things were different in rugby when it all started in Britain like it rules, the type of clothing and protection worn, the field, and the positions have all changed for the better of the sport. My topics were how rugby was founded, early rules of rugby, and the early type of apparel/equipment used, the field of play, and its positions. Maybe some day we will really find the true creator of the great sport called they call Rugby. Research Papers on History of RugbyThe Hockey GameTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West MeetStandardized TestingCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is Art

College Paper on Ethics

College Paper on Ethics College Paper on Ethics It is truly a quite difficult task to find the exact definition of what ethics is. Peoples understanding of what is right and what is wrong differs, and the notion of ethics depends on peoples views and opinions as well. But it would be wrong to define ethics as something that people feel they can do because it is right for them. Peoples understanding of it may be deviated, moreover people cannot judge every situation with a clear head and do it objectively. Some people define ethics as a type of behavior that is acceptable by a society. However that is also not true. The society consists of separate individuals, and they may also have various points of view concerning what ethics is. We can also remember facts from history of the humanity where societies were deceived by the state, and the latter used propaganda in order to create public mood that could be used for states own purposes. Just think of German society during Hitlers rule. Similar to social-accepted rules, ethics can also be viewed as a synonym of law. However laws can be written by those who are not ethical at all. Laws are often changed which means they are not perfect and constantly need to be improved. Moreover, as we have already mentioned, peoples understanding of ethics can be deviated, and such deviation can be later result in the laws. Ethics is often identified with religion. However there is one question to ask that will probably prove that this idea is wrong: are atheists ethical? Looking at ethics just from the perspective of religion automatically makes all the other people unethical. We wont argue that religion does not encourage people to be more ethical, but if we compare religion and ethics, the latter notion is a wider one. David B. Resnik defines ethics as â€Å"norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior † (Resnik). He also states that people usually learn moral norms in various social settings, such as home, school, church, etc. However the ethical development of a person is a process that happens throughout the whole life. Some people also consider ethical norms to be common-sense. But there is a question asked by this scientist: â€Å"if morality were nothing more than common sense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?† (Resnik). The point is that there can be one common ethical norm for at least two people, for example. But their understanding and interpretation of what is ethical and what is not may differ. Thats why people who share similar ethical norms may turn out to act differently in various situations. Thats why the main purpose of studying ethics nowadays is not to define strict norms for conduct (which, in fact, would be almost impossible), but rather to learn the mechanism of interpretation of these norms. Reznik D.B. What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important? 2011. Web. Velasquez M., Andre C., Shanks T., S.J., and Meyer M.J. What is Ethics? 2010. Web. Tips on Writing a Good College Paper The key to any type of writing is brainstorming. You should write down everything that comes into your mind, relating to ethics  topic. Use the results of your brainstorming to write an outline. This will help you draft your ethics college paper. Do not waste your time on proofreading the paper while you are writing a draft, just let the words flow. When you are finished with the draft, you will get a more clear picture whether you have added enough valuable information. Additionally, you will see if you have all main parts of your ethics paper, such as introduction, main body and conclusion. Our online paper writing service will provide you with a high-quality customized paper on ethics written by experts. Try our service!

The film Solaris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The film Solaris - Essay Example The film unsettles the audience in very many ways. The first instant where it does this is the part where Kelvin gets to the station and discovers that Gibarian has committed suicide (Solaris, 2002). This is unsettling because death or the visualization of a body is very uncomfortable. Moreover, it is unsettling as it signs to show that the film would have many such scary scenes and thus they become uncomfortable due to uncertainty. The next unsettling is seen not long after this as Kelvin goes around the station and sees many bodies. This is bound to make the audience even more uncomfortable to the site. The techniques used to achieve this unsettling is through the use of visual effects. In such a site where there are many bodies, dim light is used with several flashes of maximum light to show the large amount of bodies in the station. The lights dim again and this is used to instill some form of rush on the viewer because a dim light in an area with many bodies is bound to scare the ordinary human. Another element included in order to enhance such an uneasy scene is by zooming. As the movie progresses, parts where there are bodies present are zoomed in and this is quite uncomfortable for the site of a body is not appealing. This zooming is also used to frighten young children watching the movie for children fear death. Sound is the vastly used technique in the achievement of unsettling the audience. There are parts of the film that are calm, and even some soft music is played in the background. However, other sections of the film there exists suspense and the audience is anxious to understand what will happen next. During such times, the type of music played is quite high toned and fast. Combination of the two makes the section even scarier. At the scene Kelvin and Gordon found the stashed away body of Snow, they are surprised and shocked. Prior to finding the body, the sound produced is quite calm as a signaling of

Creer devlpment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creer devlpment - Research Paper Example Although, the major consideration remains unchanged that is the achievement of an ultimate high value objective set for professional growth. It is equally important that the selected career path should have potential to contribute towards the social well being of the masses to ensure that it imparts a sense of satisfaction for the individual. Keeping the aforesaid in mind, I have selected the â€Å"Social Support and Health Advocacy† as an area of career development program. The field of choice is closely related to the communication domain because it requires a close interaction with masses to know exactly their demands and needs as well as communicating the assessed requirements to the health officials and other public and non-public organizations. The field of the â€Å"Social Support and Health Advocacy† primarily cover two sub-domains i.e. the Social Support; the Health Advocacy. Social support is concerned with general public communications which may include one t o one interactions, corner meetings, conventions, large scale public gatherings to acquire input from the masses about the system, its short comings and the procedural and administrative recommendations to ratify these issues. Goldsmith (2012), who is an Associate Professor of Speech Communication at the University of Illinois has surfaced several aspects of communication that are commonly used and employed in social support, especially in health, anxieties and stress issues. He suggests that our frequent communication with our families, children, elderly persons of the securities and other interactions on these issues is the best kind of social support and if we can refine this communication issues can be addressed in a befitting manner. An expert communicator can devise ways and means to improve the quality of this communication by selecting good and effective observations. Moreover, an effective communicator can extend his social support by identifying various approaches that may help social interactions and communications more fruitful and result oriented in the elimination of daily stresses and major crises that may come across our lives. Social Support is an important area where communication can play a significant role to improve the quality of an individual’s life. However, it requires a well planned and targeted attainment of skills and expertise to ensure a career growth with significant achievements in the field of effective communications. Beyond the core communication skills like grammatical correction and purposefulness, an effective communication must have expertise in the prevailing Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), a close look on the social setup and values while a comparative study of people and societies around the world to ensure the incorporation of a global perspective in your communications. These requirements can lead to a number of studies and courses in ICT, social science core expertise, philosophy and interpe rsonal as well as inter organizational communication skills. However, the selection of courses and expertise from these domains may have subjectivity because of personal trends, likings and approach. â€Å"Health Advocacy†, the other sub-domain of my professional career plan demands even more effective communication skills. Primarily, healthcare advocacy is directly concerned with people

The Contemporary Art Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Contemporary Art Market - Essay Example The essay "The Contemporary Art Market" talks about the Market of Contemporary Art. The impact of diversification and extension of art market into an open international market has gradually permeated into the art market with major changes being felt in operation of the sales. Such changes include the use of major auction outfits such as Sotheby’s and Christie’s. Giving a quick scan of the proceeding of the 2010 market, some of the above revelations come into light, for instance the fact that some of art pieces by some of the above mentioned contemporary artists dominated the market. It is also an observed fact mixed reactions depict the market situation while 2010 is taken into comparison with 2008, just before the recent economic crisis. While earlier predictions indicated that the impact of the recent economic slump would take at least three years to full recovery, a different reaction would not be ruled out earlier than that. According to the author, the impact of ec onomic performance was severe to the art market and a considerable duration time would be projected to recover. However, 2010 indications are satisfactory that normalcy will rapidly return in 2011 if all factors are held constant. Brown illustrates one of the pricing patterns to be expected in 2011, with impact of 2008 crisis gradually being recovered. Some of the major sales recorded in 2010 at Christie’s include Jasper John’s Flag was sold at over 28 million US dollars. Rehs also reports that Liz went fro over 18 million US dollars.

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to Essay

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to its failure - Essay Example This paper has presented a comprehensive account of the cause of the revolution. It has described how, a rush into a new system with very little knowledge and experience, coupled with other factors such as; conflicts within the parties, and the civil war; led to the failure of the soviet experiment. There is a description of the soviet experiment. Also included is a description of capitalism and its integration with the Russian economy, as well as, a description of socialism and its compatibility to the Russian economy. There is also a discussion about the qualities of the revolutionary leaders that led to the success and failure of the experiment, conflict between the two parties that formed the revolution, the civil war, and the outcome that led to the abandonment of socialism. All these have been described with reference to examples from historical texts and documents.Before 1914, Russia was a country of great wealth considering the farmed land estates that it had. These lands wer e however, inadequately used and there were millions of peasant farmers that grew poorer by the day due to increased population of industrial works, and high rents imposed on them by the landlords. The state of the economy of Russia was not good because of a variety of factors. Russia had no domestic market for its industrial products. The country had built a railway to be used to export products, and also invested largely on foreign capital.

FaceBook And Romantic Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FaceBook And Romantic Relationships - Essay Example A recent debate over a local radio station caught my attention when the discussion revolved around a woman who felt cheated and silly over a love affair that started over the face book and hardly lasted two months before she invited the lover (man) into her place of residence. She only learnt that after engaging in romance that the man left her, no more communication while she could easily identify that the man was now hooked up in another romantic relationship over the social media. The phone calls that were made into the studio in contribution to the motion surprised me the more on how many people fall into the trap of exposing their romantic lives over the social media and only to fall prey to such ‘romantic stalking’ persons whose intention is only to have personal gratification and nothing of a long lasting relationship. This therefore gave me the challenge to research deeper into the long lasting effects that Face book, among many other social media has to persons especially concerning romantic relationships. This paper hence intends to evaluate the impacts of face book to personal lives and how such negative effects can be dealt with the ever-increasing need to have face book for ease of communication and keeping circles of friends. Justification Social media has been acknowledged in the past for the positives it brought about in people’s lives especially in matters of communication and sharing of information. It was highly accepted that face book in particular has attracted very many people who find it cheap and convenient manner to keep circles of friends when compared to the means that were in use previously such as through mails, print and digital media as well as through telephone services. Face book was credited of communicating with millions of friends worldwide through just the click of the mouse at once convenience. Equally, receiving feedback from face book is such an easy task as compared to the other communication ways hen ce the ease of adoption (Vitak, Ellison and Steinfield, 2011). Nevertheless, despite such numerous advantages in use of face book, the social plat form has continuously faced critiques because of the increasing negatives that are stemming from the same. For instance, the increasing exposure of personal information through posting personal profiles online increasingly put people into threats such as security and such. People are increasing becoming targets of cyber crime due to the personal information that one shares on the platform. One emerging trend is the use of face book to establish and maintain romantic relationships. Technology has been blamed on failing to conceal personal sensitive information and as such exposing such an individual to high risks. Therefore, this study would be timely in that it would look into detail the impact of face book on personal lives with special attention to romantic relationships and evaluate probable solutions to such shortcomings (Flynn, nd; R aalte et al, nd). Literature review There are various studies that have been done in regard to the revolution that face book and such social platforms have brought in people’s lives. This section therefore looks into some different studies that have been done in the past and establish their contributions to the study topic under analysis. Utz and Beukeboom sought to understand the effect of social media into romantic relationships concerning happiness and jealousy. They pointed out that social network sites expose too much of individual romantic relationship information which has both positive attributes (happiness) as well as negative attributes (jealousy) associated with it. The emotional traits associated

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to Essay

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to its failure - Essay Example This paper has presented a comprehensive account of the cause of the revolution. It has described how, a rush into a new system with very little knowledge and experience, coupled with other factors such as; conflicts within the parties, and the civil war; led to the failure of the soviet experiment. There is a description of the soviet experiment. Also included is a description of capitalism and its integration with the Russian economy, as well as, a description of socialism and its compatibility to the Russian economy. There is also a discussion about the qualities of the revolutionary leaders that led to the success and failure of the experiment, conflict between the two parties that formed the revolution, the civil war, and the outcome that led to the abandonment of socialism. All these have been described with reference to examples from historical texts and documents.Before 1914, Russia was a country of great wealth considering the farmed land estates that it had. These lands wer e however, inadequately used and there were millions of peasant farmers that grew poorer by the day due to increased population of industrial works, and high rents imposed on them by the landlords. The state of the economy of Russia was not good because of a variety of factors. Russia had no domestic market for its industrial products. The country had built a railway to be used to export products, and also invested largely on foreign capital.

Negotiation Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Negotiation Journal - Research Paper Example There are different pointers of what strategy to adopt in an impending negotiation activity. Before choosing a given strategy to use in a negotiation, it is important to consider three main factors. The first factor is extent of valuation of a product, issues or services that cause negotiation to happen. If a given party values an issue, product or service under consideration extremely than relationship, then a win-lose strategy is appropriate. In a win-lose negotiation strategy, relationship is not important and one party of the negotiation will wish to win and does not care of the other party. Win-lose strategy also applies when a party is discussing a fixed position or idea. It is applicable when a price of a product or an idea is fixed. Second factor to consider is the relationship between negotiators. If both parties perceive that they need each other after the negotiation, then win-win negotiation strategy is the most appropriate. In a win-win negotiation strategy, both parties to a negotiation must cooperate, participate or compromise part of their interest to accommodate each other. Both parties to a negotiation agree and discus mutually profitable actions to take. Consequently, both parties benefits after the negotiation. ... Some cultures may prefer win-win strategy while others may prefer win-lose strategy. Win-win negotiation strategy is always possible. It is also one of the most preferred business negotiation strategies available. The purpose of two parties entering into a negotiation is always to benefit from one another. Therefore, it is possible to pursue win-win strategy especially when both parties can cooperate and compromise without incurring any loss. For example, a supplier may agree to reduce a price by a certain percentage and retain some substantial profits. Both parties win because a buyer saves some money and supplier builds a favourable business relationship. At times, win-lose negotiation becomes the only negotiation strategy viable. This is often applicable where a situation or price product is fixed and cannot be changed further because it will result in a loss. Therefore, there will be no room for adjustments and the other party can either agree to the terms of the situation as the y are or forfeit the matter or the product altogether. Win-lose negotiation is always confrontational and each party tries to take advantage of the other party. The forty-eight laws of power can be helpful when crafting a distributive negotiation strategy and tactics. This applies when the other party to a negotiation is confrontational, short sighted, stereotype, aggressive and uncooperative. Forty-eight laws of power can be useful in disarming the other party’s uncompromising stance. However, if the other party is genuinely willing to cooperate, compromise and is interested in long-term relationship, it may not be an appropriate strategy. Therefore, negotiation strategies should be used according to the

Study summary Essay Example for Free

Study summary Essay The issue of â€Å"profiling† among in policing is not a new concern and considering the efforts devoted against the practice as well as other forms of discrimination, the evidence of its prevalence in the study of Alpert, MacDonald and Dunham (2005) is alarming. The researchers’ main objective was to determine if racial, situational and demographic variable influence police discretion in the establishment of types of suspicion. In doing so, the researchers hoped to determine the vulnerability of minority populations for police suspicion and stops: whether the reasons cited to justify the suspicions were determined by behavioral or non-behavioral factors and if there are any predictors to determine discretion. The research points out that police officers are supposed to be suspicious in that they are specifically trained to develop cognitive schemas or map seemingly unrelated individual, places or events. Several of the researches cited for the study indicate that there are specific cues for suspicion that often coincides with racial, cultural or ethnic characterizations. When something does not fit the schema, there is a natural prompt to pay more attention to it. Though this is not simply a case of one person being the odd man out, the suggestion is that people, not just police officers, have a tendency to see contrasts more easily. This has been indicated by in the case of Terry v.Ohio where the U. S. Supreme Court decided that, â€Å"There is also a realization of the variances on culture that exists which leads both to a realization of unique cultural characteristics as well as awareness of differences, value systems, trade and cross cultural politics† (p. 415) The researchers assume that police suspicion is based on their prior knowledge, observation or experience of similar cases. Thus, there is also a need to understand how knowledge, experience or observations are acquired. The researchers believe that understanding the said factors will not only enhance insights to whether the hypothesis that minorities are more vulnerable to police suspicion but also how they determine the value systems of police officers. According to the study, race remains to be a critical factor in behavioral suspicion. Based on the same research, there is greater association of juvenile delinquency among minorities. Non-behavioral factors also dominate the basis of police suspicion which includes matching descriptions of individuals, activities or transportation. In either case, though suspicion may be influenced by race, it did not directly mean that police action will be directed to the individual. This also implies that based on the factors that influence police suspicion: there was no direct correlation to actual stops made by the police. In making a critique of the study, there is a need to consider the limitations and scope of the researchers’ subjects and methodology. The researchers admit that current data for the research is limited to the observed officers and neither was there significant investigation was made to the origin and nature of suspicion cues amount these officers. It should be noted as well that developments in criminal justice systems follow changes in society: customs, politics, and economics all influence what is determined to criminal behavior, what the corresponding punishment should be and what compensation can be made available to victims. Thus, as much as suspicion cues are determined by social factors, social behaviors are also determined by these cues. Another question that can be further studied by the research is from its determination that suspicions are influenced by race but not actual actions taken by the police. What discriminates the influence of social characterization in the development of suspicions? Are police stops not vulnerable to racial identification or is the presence of criminal justice mechanisms that deter its impact? Furthermore, the study was not able to determine if there are measures to deter the prevalence of discriminatory factors in police suspicions. Essentially, there is a need to further investigate the mechanism of race and other discriminatory factors to be able to reinforce its significance. Based on researches on motivation, there is greater realization that people are motivated by internal factors and external factors that they can be either aware of or not. In the case of profiling, it can then be assumed that the factors that raise the suspicion of police officers are both influenced by their experience and their own personal orientations. Thus, another enhancement of the study can be to determine the dominance of internal and external factors against each other suspicion formation and the subsequent police action. The research admit that their study will not so much answer questions but rather more of them. In any setting, the study of what influence perceptions is always difficult because of its dependence of so many variable both measurable and not. Regardless of the lack of definitiveness, is a good study of social perceptions and policing. Utilizing the study, further researchers can be effectively developed to enhance the performance and discretion of police officers in dealing with issues regarding race and other social characterizations. Reference Alpert, Geoffrey P. , Macdonald, John M. And Dunham, Roger G. (2005). Police Suspicion And Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops. Criminology,43(2): 407-434.

Prevention of Nozzle Clogging in Continuous Casting of Steel

Prevention of Nozzle Clogging in Continuous Casting of Steel Prevention Of Nozzle Clogging In The Continuous Casting Of Steel There have been four documented causes for nozzle clogging in continuous casting steels; build up de-oxidations such as Al2O3 (1), solid steel build up, buildup of complex oxides such as spinels, and the buildup of reaction products such as CaS (4). While some causes are more detrimental than others, all are a problem. Different steels will yield a different potential nozzle clogging cause (3), for example, a re-sulfurized free machining steel is going to have much more of an issue with the formation of calcium sulfides than spinels. No matter what cause is all nozzle clogging can be detrimental to a continuous casting process. Looking at Figure 1, it is easy to see how the deposit of clogging material on the side walls of the nozzle can cause irregular flow from the tundish into the mold. Irregular flow through a tundish nozzle enhances the probability of generating a number of quality defects such as re-oxidation of the steel and slag entrapment (4). Nozzle clogging also affects pr oductivity in that less steel is able to be cast because of the blockage in the nozzle. In simple business terms, less steel equals less profit. Another thing to consider is the life of the tundish is often limited to the life of the nozzle due to clogging. If nozzle clogging can be controlled enough to extend the nozzle life even one or two heats longer, that results in substantial process cost savings. The most effective way to prevent, or at least lessen, nozzle clogging in the continuous casting of steels is to modify the inclusions in the steel to a liquid rather than a solid at steel casting temperatures (2). This is typically done by the addition of calcium to the steel at the end of the steel refining process. Looking at Figure 2, a pure Al2O3 inclusions liquidus temperature is considerably higher than that of steel casting temperatures, and that by adding the right amount of calcium to the inclusions in the steel the inclusions liquidus temperature can potentially be lowered to below steel casting temperatures (12CaO.7Al2O3). Calcium is typically added to the melt one of three ways; by CaSi powder, CaSi wire, or calcium injection with argon. CaSi powder has the poorest recovery because calciums vapor temperature is lower than steel making temperatures (5). Therefore by simply throwing calcium powder on top of the melt, the majority of the calcium will vaporize into a gas and leave the system without being absorbed into the steel. Figure 3 shows the vapor temperature for calcium related to depth into the steel melt and we can see that the deeper into the melt the calcium is able to get (i.e. the greater the pressure) the higher the vapor temperature is for calcium (5). This is the basis by which CaSi wire is used. CaSi wire is a steel wire shell packed with calcium as the core. As the wire is injected into the melt the calcium is protected by the steel shell from melting and not exposed to the high melt temperatures until deep enough into the melt to provide enough pressure to avoid the calcium from vapori zing. Calcium injection uses this same principle by sticking a lance into the melt deep enough to avoid vaporization and blows calcium into the melt by the use of inert argon. Its one thing to make inclusions liquid and its a completely different challenge to keep it liquid throughout the entire casting process. This is often the difficult aspect of nozzle clogging prevention given that all of your incluions modification control is performed at the LMF or degasser and not at the caster. One thing many steel producers will try to do is reduce the number of incluions present in the steel during the casting process (2). The easiest thing to do in lowering the number onf inclusions in the steel is to increase ths size of the inlucions. By Stokes law, larger inclusions will have a greater upward velocity out of the steel and into the slag thus not being cast through the nozzle. Another practice steel producers use to reduce inclusionon counts in their steel is to have proper geometry in the tundish as the caster. By adding tundish components such as dams and weirs (shown in Figure 4) inclusion flow can be directed to give optimum exposure to the slag(4). Weirs a used to direct steel flow down where as dams are to direct flow upwards. By having two sets of weir-dam combinations between the ladle shroud and nozzle, the inclusions in the steel are exposed to the tundish slag all while maintaining minimum turbulance (5). Unfortunatily not all inclusions in the steel can be removed and therefore the remaining inclusions must remain liquid through the nozzle to prevent clogging. To achieve this it is curtial that the steel is protected from re-oxidation from atmospheric oxygen (2). To ensure this many tools are used. Starting from the ladle, a ladle shroud is used from the ladle to tundish in order to funnel the liquid steel from the ladle to under the slag layer in the tudish (Figure 4). An impact pad is often used as shown in Figure 4, to reduce the turbulance in the tundish (5). Increased turbulance can disrupt the slag surface in the tundish as expose the liquid steel to the amtosphere causing re-oxidation and possibily slag entrapment. To help prevent steel -slag interaction,baffles are often used (Figure 5) which slows down steel flow but also allows steel to flow through the holes. In order to prevent the steel exposed to the surface from re-oxidizing tundish fluxes are used to act as a protecti nve barrier between the steel and atmopshere as shown in Figure 6 (2). Tundish refactories must also be considered to ensure no or very little reaction occures between the steel and refactory occurs (2). If it were to occur and solid inclusions percipitate in the steel, all the effort put forth into the steel up until the point could be usless. Once the steel is secure in the tundish one more step is required and that is to get the steel through the nozzle and into the mold. Just as in the tundish, re-oxidation of the steel and any negative reaction between the nozzle refractory and steel must be avoided. To ensure this, typically submerged entry nozzles or submerged entry shrouds are used as the nozzle which will provide a barrier between the steel and atmosphere all the way into the mold. Typically made of alumina graphite, the added graphite prevents wetting of the inclusions onto the nozzle walls (4). Argon purging in various parts of the side walls of the nozzle are also often used to separate any would be oxygen from the steel. In conclusion, preventing nozzle clogging is not successfully completed by one simple action but rather many actions working together: inclusion count reduction, inclusion modification by the use of calcium, protecting from re-oxidation of the steel, proper tundish geometry, and proper tundish and nozzle refractories (2). While the concept of making only liquid inclusions appears simple in application, it can be rather difficult to maintain these liquid inclusions throughout the entire casting process. Sources Cited 1. Zhang, Lifeng; Thomas, Brian; Inclusions in Continuous Casting of Steel. Nationals Steelmaking Symposium. Mich, Mexico. November 2003. page 138-183. 2. Alekseenko, A.A. Problems of Nozzle Clogging during Continous casting of an Aluminum-Killed Low-Carbon Low-Silicon Steel. Russian Metallurgy, Vol. 2007. page 634-637. 3. Girase, N.U. Development of indices of quantification of nozzle clogging dujring continuous slab casting. Iron and Steelmaking. Vol. 34; No. 6. 2007. page 506-512. 4. Zhang, Lifeng, Wand, Yufeng, and Zuo, Xianjmun. Flow Transport and Inclusion Motion in Steel Continuous-Casting Mold under Submerged Entry Nozzle Clogging Condition. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction. Vol. 39B. August 2008. page 534-550 5. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel, 11th Edition Casting Volume; AISE Steel Foundation. Pittsburg, PA. Copy Right 2003

Agamemnon a Tragedy by Aeschylus Essay -- polytheistic ideas, grecians,

Aeschylus’ well-known tragedy of Agamemnon allows one to closely look at the treasured polytheistic religious ideas of Ancient Greece and how the Grecians relied heavily on the thought of free will versus fate determined by their gods. With the play being set and written in Greece, the polytheistic lifestyle is apparent and unabashed as the culture of the time would have seen the play to be easily believable; the entire audience would have been familiar with the various gods and goddesses as well as being familiar with the situation that begins the play: the Trojan War. Aeschylus was also able to reveal the Grecian mindset of morality, revenge, and justice through the characters’ actions and dialogue; the idea of jealousy and revenge is particularly notable was it was common for one generation of a family to take revenge for a wrong done to them in a previous generation (Constantakis), such as Aegisthus as he seeks revenge for his father through the act of murdering Aga memnon. The Trojan War is now seen by some as a war that never truly took place, but those sitting and watching the play unfold would have seen the chaos and imagery of the battles told by Aeschylus as brutally truthful and real. The bloody war was fought over Helen who was taken by Paris to his homeland of Troy to be his bride; however, she was already married to Menelaus, Agamemnon’s brother. The war ends as Troy falls and that is where Agamemnon begins as news breaks of the victory and all seems to be well as there is now peace. The triumph only allows for devotion to the gods to be shown as Clytemnestra, Agamemnon’s wife and future murderer, immediately kindles alters for worship and proclaims that the gods themselves have sent the sign of good news starting ... ...shers, 2002. Print. Brunel, Pierre, ed. Trans. Wendy Allatson, Judith Hayward, Trista Selous. Companion to Literary Myths, Heroes, and Archetypes. New York: Routledge, 1996. Print. Bullfinch, Thomas. Bullfinch’s Mythology. New York: Modern Library Paperback Edition, 2004. Print. Constantakis, Sara, ed. Drama for Students: Volume 26 – Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Dramas. New York: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. New York: The Norton Library, 1930. Print. Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1942. Print. Liston, Robert A. Who Stole the Sunset? New York: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1974. Print. Shipley, Joseph T. The Crown Guide to the World’s Great Plays from Ancient Greece to Modern Times. New York; Crown Publishers, Inc., 1984. Print.

Causes of Channel Conflicts

Goal incompatibility: the channel partners have incompatible or misaligned goals, for example the manufacturer perceives his goals to be a market share and profit maximization in the long run, the wholesalers perceive their goals to be sales maximization and in turn profit maximization. The latter even prefer to work at higher margins and short term profitability. This makes the wholesaler accuses the manufacturer of squeezing his margins. This is typically what’s happening with all large manufacturers and their channel members today.For example, Charcutier Aoun in Lebanon may have incompatible goals with wholesalers and even manufacturers. Charcutier Aoun wants big discounts and very low prices in order to increase sales and therefore, profit margin and producer of Gillette may want to have a brand image and big market share without decreasing the price in the short-run and therefore, increase profit margin in the long-run. Unclear roles and rights: If the channel members hav e unclear role than there will be arise conflict. For example, producer, wholesalers and retailers role in distribution channel should be clear.But one channel member doesn't play his role or interferes on others role than there will be conflict. For example, BMW manufacturer may have such conflict if one of its distributors started directly selling to the retailers bypassing large wholesalers in the territory. The wholesalers can in return affect BMW sales by pushing the competitors’ products. Another example, if Apple plans to open a shop by itself at the same place where he/she are selling the products through retailers than conflicts will be created between producer and retailer.Differences in perception: There may be perceptual difference among the channel members involved in the distribution channel. Differences in perception cause conflict. For example, producers perceive retailer discount adequate and retailers perceive it inadequate or it may be the opposite. For exa mple, Aishti sells many types of luxury brands and makes occasional discounts of 20 to 30 percent yearly. Manufacturers or distributors of certain Brand may not agree to include their deluxe brand in this discount as it is the company strategy.Intermediaries’ dependence: If the channel member is highly dependent on the manufacturer this may increase conflicts between them. For example, exclusive dealers like Kettaneh are highly affected by the pricing strategy of the manufacturers and even the product itself. If the new VW showed a mechanical defect or low performance, this will directly affect Kettaneh’s sales and profit as it is the only product he sells. Therefore, importance and recurrence of channel conflicts will increase between Manufacturers and dealers.Finally, Destructive channel conflict can have serious consequences on channel efficiency, channel effectiveness and partners' profits. Such consequences lead to low partner loyalty to principals. These conseque nces will lead to a negative impact on customers' purchasing behaviors and therefore, to each partner’s profit. However, some channel conflict is desirable, provided it is well managed. Managed channel conflict is better defined as channel competition and is not destructive.

Christian Family Center School Essay

Domingo St. Barangay Holy Spirit, Quezon City is composed of Elementary and high school. Christian Family Center School Foundation uses manual way in operating their library. Library is regarded as the brain of any institute; many institutes understand the importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users (students). Library system that offers many flexible and convenient features, that allows librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency. Library System gives the all detailed information about students, staff and books. It will track on the how many books available in library and books issued to the students. It shows popular book among the students. It will provide book lost in library. Library is derived from the old French â€Å"libraries† which means â€Å"a collection of book†. Reading materials in a school are stored in libraries. The Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in different formats and from many sources. The library must be neat so that it is conducive for learning. It is the place where students and researchers go to in order to find all the questions to their queries and ultimately find answers. It is therefore the role of a librarian to keep the place as clean and as orderly as possible. It is also his duty to keep safe all information related to library transactions like the ins and outs of books. Statement of the Problem Based on the conducted interview and observations, the group had come up with the following problems being encountered by the project. The study seeks to answer the following problems: 1. They spend more time in recording the inventory of the books and also in recording the transactions of borrowing. 2. Possible of losing the records. 3. The authorized person exerts more effort in this manual ways. 4. The records are unorganized. Objectives of the Study The following are the objectives aimed by the researchers to create a useful Library Management System to the proponents, Christian Family Center School Foundation. 1. To be able to develop a system that helps the school library to secure the information/data inputted. Only the authorized person can access the system. 2. To be able to minimize the time and effort of the person who is in charge in searching books. 3. To be able to minimize the possibility of losing the data. 4. To be able to have an organized data in library. Scope and Limitations The scope of the program is you can easily record the books being barrowed by the students. It also has a very user-friendly interface. Thus the users will feel very easy to work on it. The software provides accuracy along with a pleasant interface. Make the present manual system more interactive, speedy and user friendly. The transaction reports of the system can be retried as and when required. Thus, there is no delay in the availability of any information, whatever needed, can be captured very quickly and easily. Although this proposed system benefits the users, it also has its limitations. First the system is connected into a network. Only one can computer at a time can access the system. Second, the person that can access the system is limited (Librarian/Staff). Significance of the Study This IT project intends to provide an accurate and effective Library Management System which will benefit the following: Librarian/Staff, the librarian handles the monitoring of information in the library. It will lessen the time, enhance the level of work, help its processes more reliable and efficient, and provide accuracy and security of data information. Students, students can borrow and return books in the library. It will make the process of borrowing and returning books easier. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY This chapter presents the related literature and studies, local and foreign, that gives bearing to the present study. Local Literature According to Malnig (1991), online research began more than 25 years ago with convoluted and cumbersome searches through Dialog. Operational long before the common place use of the internet, the EarMest Dialog system was completed in 1996. It was world’s first online information retrieval system to be used globally with materially significant databases and for the use in libraries. However, it was said that it has a more technical interface than the newer versions on online libraries, and the manual library system. Biggs and Biggs (1987) conducted a survey of the heads of academic library reference services to examine the collection development for the study titled â€Å"Reference Collection Development in Academic Libraries: Report of a Survey†. It was found that selection and weeding were not guided by any written policy and studies of use of collection were missing. Authors concluded that online sources were important factors in selection. Harloe and Budd (1994) in â€Å"Collection Development and Scholary Communication in the Era of Electronic Access† examined the relationship between collection development and system of scholarly communication in academic library. They discussed on ownership verses access to information and presented strategies for collection development in electronic networked system. Sridhar (1995) wrote an article named â€Å"Problems of Collection Development in Special Libraries†. He explored the various factors affecting collection development in special libraries and highlighted the significance of collection development policy manual. Author pointed out the various problems related to document selection and procurement. Andrade and Vergueiro (1996) also wrote an article under title â€Å"Collection Development in Academic Libraries: A Brazilian Library’s Experience†. The article is based on the collection development practices of a Brazilian academic library. Authors outlined the different models of collection development given by professionals. Haider (1996) in his paper â€Å"Acquisition and Collection Development in Pakistan† analyzed the constraints faced by Pakistani libraries in the procurement of books from abroad. Lack of proper management, absence of competent personnel, non-existence of acquisition policy statements, non-existence of selection aids, ever shrinking library budgets, fluctuating rate of the rupee, inflation, import policy, trade embargoes against some countries, fiscal policy etc. were the major hurdles found. Foreign Literature According to Britannica Online (2010), the word library derives from Latin â€Å"Liber†, which means â€Å"The Book†. The origin of libraries dates back around 3rd century B. C in Babylonia, where keep written records which has been part of their history. The first libraries as a collection of books were evidenced in Greek temples and those established in conjunction with Greek schools and philosophy in 4th century B. C modern libraries usually contain periodicals, microfilms, tapes, videos, compact discs, and other materials in addition to books. Dewey (1992), as cited by Pasilan (2000) defines in integrated library system as the one that bring together numerous library task into one system. It allows the library to have a direct on its automation with a great efficiency. It also allows the user to use the library data for the acquisition, cataloging and circulation of library collections. Hoffer, Prescott and McFadden (2002) defines a database as an organized collection of related data. They also defined data as known facts that are recorded and stored on a computer system are structured to be easily stored, manipulated, queried and retrieved by data users. Thornton (2000) â€Å"Impact of Electronic Resources on Collection Development, the Roles of Librarians, and Library Consortia†. Study was conducted to find the impact of electronic resources and the Internet on collection development and discuss the changing role of librarians, library co-operation and collection development. It had been concluded that consortia will become more important sources in electronic information world. Pandita (2004) in her paper â€Å"Collection Development in the Digital Era† examined the impact of electronic format on the collection development. She pointed out that the policy of content development needs to be worked out and re-designed. Mandal and Panda (2005) in their research paper titled â€Å"Collection Development in the Internet Age and the Need for a Consortium in the Engineering College Libraries in West Bengal: A Study† discussed the different dimensions of collection development. The existing state of library collection and infrastructural facilities of 17 engineering college libraries in West Bengal were examined. Author suggested the staff training, provision of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a need based collection. Mulla and Chandrashekara (2006) â€Å"E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries – A Case Study†. Study was conducted to examine the efforts made by the engineering college libraries in Karnataka to build electronic resources. Results of the study revealed that collection and service infrastructure of the libraries in sampled regions were not up to the mark and libraries were struggling to build digital collection and in disseminating digital information due to lack of ICT infrastructure, IT trained manpower and paucity of finances, etc. Adekanmbi and Boadi (2008) in study titled, â€Å"Problems of Developing Library Collections: A Study of Colleges of Education Libraries in Botswana† ascertained the availability and use of collection development policies in the college of education libraries, in Botswana. In addition to using questionnaires, interviews were conducted to gather information from senior librarians, deputy principals of colleges and board of the affiliated institutions of the University of Botswana. Study brought to notice that majority of the libraries did not have collection development policies. Lack of constant training for librarians, inadequate staff, lack of support from administration and unavailability of collection development policies were some of the major problems found. It was further found that majority of the libraries did not involve their users in formulation of policies and did not implement these for collection development. Study revealed the need to train librarians on collection development. Mary and Sankar (2008) â€Å"Collection Evaluation of PSN College of Engineering and Technology Library and PET Engineering College Library in Tirunelveli District†. Authors described the various techniques of evaluating the document collection in academic libraries and evaluated the collection development practices of two engineering colleges. Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the collection development in libraries of 38 engineering colleges of Orissa under title â€Å"Collection Management of Engineering College Libraries of Orissa: An Evaluative Study†. Information was collected from libraries using questionnaires. Study concluded that  growing dissatisfaction of the users arising from non-availability of needed documents and lack of provision of services could be boiled down to some extent, by rendering at least CAS or current contents or information about latest addition to users. Mallaiah and Gowda (2009) in paper â€Å"Collection Development in Mangalore University Library: A User Study† discussed the usefulness of collection development in a university library and attempted to find whether the UGC-INFONET E-journals were meeting the users information needs. Local Study The developments in information environments implies that new collection development policies need to be revised from time to time to ensure access to a wider range of e-documents and e-databases. These policies should give more emphasis on licensing agreements, copyrights, intellectual access, the mode of payment, subscription costs and archiving. A number of attempts have been made by the university libraries and academic institutions to develop collection development policies. Suzanne D Gyesley (2001) reported that the escalating price and rapid growth in electronic journal databases along with traditional print subscriptions and monographs forced library administrators and collection development librarians to make decisions between printed products or electronic formats in the new millennium. A separate study was conducted at A&M University libraries, Texas, USA in the disciplines of political science and economics to compare the annual subscription prices and percentage increase of 203 core printed journals with their electronic counterparts during 1998-2000 academic years. The electronic use statistics were examined for the expensive serials based on the number of hits by the users. Based on this study he reported that libraries were forced to pay for dual subscriptions both for paper and in electronic form. It also revealed that faculty and students were satisfied with the use of e-journals. It also indicated a trend that libraries would switch to electronic format if the price of electronic journals dropped. Considering the question of what the present collection of libraries mean to the user in the current information environment. Collection analysis techniques educate and support the new library staff about collection and provide better data to determine collection development priorities for budget planning. It helps librarians to assist their patron’s search for information. The collection was evaluated using online analysis tools. Topics covered are about the importance of e-book collections, faculty participation in the selection for more balanced and comprehensive collection management plan. Their article lists out the benefits of conducting collection analysis. It revealed that collection analysis has a positive impact on collection development and management. Findings inferred from this study suggest that access to the collection were improved and some problems encountered with a particular collection were identified. Foreign Study Mukherjee (1965) carried out a study titled, â€Å"Library Facilities in Training Colleges of India† to assess the prevalent position of 50 teacher training college libraries. Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Study revealed that majority of libraries did not have sufficient space for proper functioning. Some of teacher training colleges did not have their own libraries. Staff and students depended on the university libraries to which education section was attached. Naidu (1981) in his research paper, â€Å"College Libraries in Andhra Pradesh: With Special Reference to Andhra University† attempted to find the causes leading to unhappy situation of libraries. Author disclosed the gloomy picture of college libraries and suggested to lay down some norms and standards for college libraries by inspection commission of each university. He further suggested that at least 6% of the college budget should be spent on library. Author emphasized the need to give initiation to users in the beginning of each academic year. In an article titled â€Å"A Survey of College Libraries in West Godavari District† Raju (1984) explored the prevailing position of libraries of 18 colleges affiliated to Andhra University, Waltair. Various facets of libraries i. e. library staff, building, collection, book banks, budget and technical services, etc have been examined. Financial sources were found inadequate. DDC and AACR-I were popular among libraries. Survey revealed the immediate need to improve the services to meet information needs of students, teachers and research scholars. Kumbar (1986) took up a study named â€Å"College Libraries under ulbarga University Area: A Survey. † He assessed the existing situation and status of 54 colleges libraries. Besides using questionnaires, interviews were also conducted to collect data. Only one librarian possessed master’s degree in Library Science. Survey represented a disappointing picture of libraries as only 12 libraries had their own buildings. Libraries were spending more funds on books and comparatively less on periodicals. Library services were not found satisfactory. It was found that more than 50% libraries brought out annual reports. Jasmer Singh (1990) carried out research for doctorate degree on the topic â€Å"College Libraries in Punjab: A Statistical Analysis of the Problems† He conducted a survey to find the problems being faced by college libraries of Punjab and Chandigarh and also attempted to study the use of libraries. He covered 210 colleges under study, including five colleges of education also. Questionnaire-I was used to know about the prevalent position of libraries and problems being faced by librarians in managing these. Two separate questionnaires were used to know the opinions of students and teachers about their respective libraries. Bajpai (1995) in research paper â€Å"Evaluation of College Library Services in Delhi† assessed the services of college libraries in Delhi and identified their problems. He brought forward that librarians often found it difficult to deal with teaching and non-teaching staff members regarding return of books. For this, library rules existed only on paper and were not being implemented properly. Chopra (1995) revealed the problems being faced by college libraries of Punjab in his article titled â€Å"College Libraries in Punjab: Some Problems Re-Considered†. Article is based on the personal observations of the author. He grouped these problems into three parts i. e. problems related to the management of colleges, problems concerned with principals of colleges and finally those related to library staff. Shortage of staff, inadequate funds, physical facilities, circulation of books, stock verifications and library hours etc. were the facets discussed in paper. Martin (1976) in his article â€Å"User Studies and Library Planning† discussed the user studies and appraised their role in library planning. Author provided various guidelines for conducting user studies and concluded that user data strengthens the planning and decision-making processes at several levels, so the responses of users should be an integral part of the ongoing practice of librarians, providing constant feedback. Coker (1993) has written a useful article titled â€Å"Libraries Verses Users? How and How Not to Deter Library Users†. Author examined the various factors influencing the  attitude of users towards libraries and also took into consideration the socioeconomic, technological, physical/technical and psychological/ emotional conditions shaping up the perceptions of non users, inhibit users and potential users. Wildemuth (2003) in article titled â€Å"Why Conduct User Studies? The Role of Empirical Evidence in Improving the Practice of Librarianship† emphasized that by gathering evidences about library users, their interactions with library services and materials and context in which those materials and services are used, librarians can make sound decisions for the future. Author discussed on the methodology for conducting user studies and utilization of results as basis for decision making. Carr (2006) â€Å"What Users Want: An Academic ‘Hybrid’ Library Perspective†. Author described the development of user centered approach in academic libraries over the recent decades. He wrote that largely unquestioned ‘user get what we give them’ attitude was being transformed into ‘what do users want? ’ approach. The failure to take what users want into account would leave academic library high and dry in the desert of lost opportunities. Definition of Terms Used in the Case Study. 1. Library – is derived from the old French â€Å"libraries† which means â€Å"a collection of book†. 2. Librarian – the person who is in charged in the library. 3. Computer – is composed of the hardware, software and people. 4. Book – reading material. 5. Staff – the assistant of the librarian. CHAPTER 3 THE EXISTING SYSTEM The diagrams below represent the flow of the existing system of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System. It shows also the Equipments and Software used. Context Level Data Flow Diagram of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System. Diagram 0 – Next Level of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1Diagram Showing the Decomposition of Process 2. 0 from the Level 0 Diagram Status AvailableBook Book Information Details of Books Student Receipt Equipment Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost The table below shows the Equipment and Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost of the Existing System. OFFICE SUPPLIES QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL Ball pen / pencil 15 10. 00 150. 00 Log Book 2 54. 75 109. 50 Paper Pack 5 75. 00 375. 00 Envelope 26 4. 25 110. 50 Stapler 1 85. 25 85. 25 Total: 830. 25 FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT. COST VALUE TOTAL Computer Package 26,975. 00 1 26,975. 00 Filling Cabinet 1,568. 00 1 1,568. 00 Electric Fan 800. 00 4 3200. 00 Chairs 280. 00 48 13,440. 00 Tables 850. 00 8 6,500. 00 Total: 51,683. 00 Software Currently Used and Cost The table below shows the Software Currently Used and Cost. SOFTWARE COST TOTAL Windows 7 1000. 00 1000. 00 Microsoft Office 2000. 00 2000. 00 Total: 3000. 00 CHAPTER 4 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Methods of Research Used The proponents used RAD method by planning the requirements for the system and meet to assign the own task of the members of the proponents. The proponents give a date for deadline where the proponents will meet for the easier and fast way, the proponents talk through internet to compile their assigned task and finished the system. Data Gathering Instruments Interview is defined as a meeting to people face to face to cinfer about something or an act of a questioning to receive a desired answer that is necessary in solving a specific problem. Interview benefits the researches in the sense that this will be used in gathering facts. The interviews will be conducted on the July 12, 2014 and to that respondent who uses the system directly. The diagrams below represent the flow of the proposed system of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System. Level 1 Context Level Data Flow Diagram of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1 Diagram 0 – Next Level of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1 Diagram Showing Decomposition of Process 1. 0 from the Level 1 Diagram 0 Program Flowchart Equipment Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost The table below shows the Equipment and Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost of the Existing System. OFFICE SUPPLIES QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL Ball pen / pencil 15 10. 00 150. 00 Log Book 2 54. 75 109. 50 Paper Pack 5 75. 00 375. 00 Envelope 26 4. 25 110. 50 Stapler 1 85. 25 85. 25 Total: 830. 25 FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT COST VALUE TOTAL Computer Package 26,975. 00 1 26,975. 00 Filling Cabinet 1,568. 00 1 1,568. 00 Total: 28,543. 00 Software Currently Used and Cost The table below shows the Software Currently Used and Cost. SOFTWARE COST TOTAL Windows 7 1000. 00 1000. 00 Microsoft Office 2000. 00 2000. 00 Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Express 1000. 00 1000. 00 Total: 4000. 00.

The Depletion Of Global Oil Reserves Environmental Sciences Essay

The literature reappraisal summarized the research done on the job that planetary oil militias are consuming twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and there is a desperate demand to happen out and utilised surrogate energy options particularly for a underdeveloped state. The depletion of planetary oil militias has led to struggles between the states and surging of monetary values. Oil is the chief beginning of energy and developing states are confronting batch of jobs due to shortage of oil in supplying their populations better life criterions. The literature besides covered state of affairs of deficit of oil militias and energy crises consequent to it. It identifies chief consumers of oil in a state and jump energy resources that could perchance be worked on to run into the energy demand through beginnings other than oil.Depletion OF GLOBAL OIL RESERVESThe API estimated in 1999 the universe ‘s oil supply would be depleted between 2062 and 2094, presuming entire universe oil militias between 1.4 and 2 trillion barrels and ingestion at 80 million barrels per twenty-four hours. In 2004, entire universe militias were estimated to be 1.25 trillion barrels and day-to-day ingestion was about 85 million barrels, switching the estimated oil depletion twelvemonth to 2057. The US EIA predicted that universe ingestion of oil will increase to 98.3 million barrels per twenty-four hours in 2015 and 118 in 2030. With 2009 universe oil ingestion at 84.4, making the jutting 2015 degree of ingestion would stand for an mean one-year addition between 2009 and 2015 of 2.7 % per twelvemonth while EIA ‘s ain figures show worsening ingestion and worsening supplies during the 2005-2010 period. The universe ‘s oil supply is fixed because crude oil is of course formed far excessively easy to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many 1000000s of old ages, plankton, bacteriums, and other works and carnal affair become buried in deposits on the ocean floor. When conditions are right – a deficiency of O for decomposition, and sufficient deepness and temperature of burial – these organic remains are converted into crude oil compounds, while the deposit attach toing them is converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary stone. When capped by impermeable stones such as shale, salt, or pyrogenic invasions, they form the crude oil reservoirs which are exploited today.3.2 ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTANEnergy is considered as one of the most of import inputs to economic growing and development. Its ingestion is besides one of the important indexs of the degree of development of any state. It is now good recognized that energy se rvices play a important function in heightening societal and economic development. Energy has become an engine of economic growing at local and planetary degree. It is needed worldwide for furthering and prolonging development procedure position of developing or developed provinces of the economic system. Keeping in position the planetary economic growing coupled with an addition in population, the demand for energy is bound to increase and run intoing this demand poses serious challenges at the planetary degree. In coming decennaries, the demand for energy is expected to turn more quickly in developing states. Since independency, the cardinal push of Pakistan ‘s energy policy has been on augmenting the state ‘s energy system. As a consequence of important planning and public investing, there has been significant enlargement of energy sector. Despite the important development in the energy sector, Pakistan yet suffers from energy deficit. This state of affairs has been progressively viewed as a constriction to industrial and agricultural sectors that in bend are seen critical in exciting the economic and societal development. Bing a developing state, Pakistan has faced the challenge of fueling industry and agribusiness sectors adequately for run intoing growing marks and supplying energy at low-cost monetary values to hapless particularly those populating in the rural countries. The handiness of energy at low-cost monetary values can be a major factor that determines a whole array of other productive activities taking to economic growing.NATIONAL ENERGY MIXEnergy sector in Pakis tan comprises electricity, gas, crude oil, coal and atomic power. The portion of natural gas in primary energy supplies during 2010 reached 45 per centum followed by oil ( 28 per centum ) , hydro electricity ( 15 per centum ) , coal ( 10 per centum ) and atomic electricity ( 2 per centum ) . As can be seen Pakistan is dependent on oil and Gas, which together contribute about 73 % of the entire primary energy supplied.3.4 POWER GENERATION, SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTIONThe sum installed capacity coevals during 2006-07, was 19,440 MW. WAPDA generated 11,363 MW of which, hydle histories for 56.9 per centum or 6,463 MW, thermic histories for 43.1 per centum or 4,900 MW. IPPs coevals was 5858 ( MW ) which constituted 30 % of entire installed capacity. KESC with 1756 ( MW ) contributed 9.1 % portion and atomic added 2.4 % .Number of WAPDA consumers stood at 17 million out of which family accounted for 84 % , commercial 13 % and industrial and agricultural1.4 % each. As on 30th June, 2007 industrial sector consumed 26 % , agriculture 12 % and households 43 % besides commercial and others. The one-year per capita electricity ingestion in Pakistan is about 320kwh, and this lone caters for 60 per centum of the population. Forty per centum of Pakistanis st ill have no entree to electricity. There is presently load sloughing of up to 700 MW a twenty-four hours because of deficit & A ; hapless transmittal capablenesss. Electricity demand is expected to turn by eight per cent a twelvemonth during the period 2005 – 2015, necessitating an one-year installing capacity of about 2000 MW for the following 10 old ages. Presently about 45 % of Pakistan ‘s power supply is based on natural gas, 28 % on oil, 15 % on hydro and staying on coal, atomic and renewable electricity. Keeping in position the current power mix, it is indispensable to concentrate on autochthonal and cost effectual beginnings for power coevals.3.5 CURRENT ENERGY GAP IN PAKISTANPakistan is presently confronting electricity deficit of around 4000-9000 MW. Everyone agrees that an indispensable stipulation for industrial development is an uninterrupted supply of power.The installed capacity for coevals of electricity in the state is 11,500 MW of which 82.7 per cent was thermic ; 15.3 per centum was hydroelectric and 2 per centum was atomic. Pakistan needs to prolong an one-year economic growing rate of at least 6 to 7 per centum to relieve poorness and recognize desirable socio-economic and human development. To accomplish the growing mark of GDP, it is perfectly indispensable that the minimal electricity growing rate is maintained. The proviso of adequate and dependable supply of electricity at a sensible cost is a requirement to achieve this end. Power is the premier mover. Any large push of the economic system would necessitate accelerated power development. But there is a likeliness that Pakistan ‘s current economic growing might non prolong in the absence of consistent and uninterrupted devolution of new power undertakings.3.6 REVIEW OF PAKISTAN ‘S ENERGY PORTFOLIOLooking at the power portfolio of Pakistan it looks as if we are populating in an oil rich state. Soon, Pakistan has batch of oil fired power workss. Continuous hiking in furnace oil monetary values can do them unviable in close hereafter. But even if fortunes are non utmost, even if there are no turbulences in bring forthing states, no terrorist onslaughts and supply breaks, the monetary values will maintain traveling up. Why? Because there is a cardinal instability for oil in the universe economic system. Production is merely plenty to run into demand. There is no trim capacity to take attention of unanticipated closures, supply break or a farther rise in demand. Such an unbalance power profile carries serious reverberations. An evenhanded power portfolio would necessitate a just balance among assorted beginnings of power with no inordinate trust on any. One of the few affairs which must be considered in set uping the power portfolio is that inordinate trust on any individual beginning particularly foreign beginning on which we have no control over supply and monetary value can do things suffering any clip. Oil import measure of more than $ 7 billion or about 50 % of foreign exchange militias of a developing economic system with no hopes of making exportable excess in the close hereafter is doubtless really dismaying. As 28 % of the power coevals is based on oil therefore any hinderance in the transit of oil can do terrible harm to the economic system. In short, clip has proved that the best solution for all such jobs is encouragement and development of autochthonal resource. Many states, including the developed and emerging economic systems, have adopted extended plans for increasing hydle and coal based power into their energy portfolios. It would non be incorrect if we say that uninterrupted carelessness of autochthonal resource has made Pakistan ‘s power policy directionless. This carelessness, absence of precedences and concentrating on expensive foreign fuel has made inexpensive electricity and ego trust a twenty-four hours dream. Pakistan is fortunate plenty to hold two inexpensive autochthonal resources for power coevals i.e. H2O and coal. But it is absolute bad fortune that we have non been able to utilize both of these resources efficaciously. Estimated coal militias of Pakistan are around 185,175 million dozenss which is one of the largest coal militias of the universe whereas their use for electricity coevals is hardly 10 per centum. Basically autochthonal coal-based power will convey assorted benefits for Pakistan ; foremost and first benefit would be huge nest eggs in foreign exchange on import of expensive oil. Coal based power workss are labour intensive and will make 1000s of new occupations and assorted other new concern chances at works site in peculiar and in Pakistan in general.ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PAKISTANLike any other state, energy is critical for the economic development of Pakistan. Energy should non merely be available but it must be ensured that it is available at a s ensible and low-cost monetary value and with out any break. For a underdeveloped state, like Pakistan where the chief emphasis is on the poorness relief, energy dramas a positive function. It is imperative that energy production should be environment friendly. More over a mix of energy beginnings will be helpful in variegation of the sector and would guarantee the proviso of this critical resource where it is required. The phase of economic development and the criterion of life of persons in a given part strongly act upon the nexus between economic growing and energy demand. An increased usage of energy, either through natural gas or electricity, impacts favorably on the life criterions of the hapless as they so spend less clip looking for alternate signifiers of fuel such as firewood. Similarly, the proviso of electricity to the rural countries can assist in raising productiveness degrees of small-scale industry thereby indirectly raising income degrees and in the longer term bettering the quality of life for the rural hapless. Rural electrification is of import because it brings to the rural countries the benefits that urban consumers take for granted -an betterment in the criterion of life with the associated socio-economic benefits. Provision of electric power besides has a strictly economic result that of increasing the productive capacity of the rural countries with additions in agricultural end product.3.7 PAKISTAN ENERGY SECURITY PLAN AND ENERGY MIXPakistan historically has been subjected to energy demand suppression due to limited supplies and deficiency of substructure development for proviso of energy to the industrial sector. The non handiness of sustained and low-cost energy to industry has suppressed economic growing and created worsening inclination for industrial investing in the state. It is now more of import so of all time that an equal supply be made available to industry to drive economic growing, and make employment chances. Energy has besides to be made available to the domestic sector and the life line sections of society to supply economic support and the convenience of clean fuel for cookery and warming and forestall the go oning environmental debasement and deforestation by monolithic usage of wood for domestic fuel. The commercial handiness to assorted sector of the economic system will assist in increasing occupation chances, heightening agribusiness productiveness, bettering criterion of life and preserving environment through cut downing deforestation. A long term integrated National Energy Security Plan, covering the period up to 2030 has late been approved by the Government vide Mid Term Development Framework ( MTDF ) . The energy sector development is aimed at ( I ) sweetening in the development of hydropower, and geographic expedition and production activities of oil, gas and coal resources, and to increase the portion of coal and alternate energy in the overall energy mix, ( two ) optimal use of the state ‘s resources base to cut down dependance on imported oil through an institutionalised scheme, ( three ) making an environment conducive to the engagement of the private sector, and ( four ) developing the local energy scenario in the context of regional position. The current energy mix includes 28 per centum oil, 45 per centum natural gas, 10 per centum coal, 15 per centum hydro and 2 per centum atomic. By 2015, the portion of oil and gas is targeted to be reduced to 25 per centum and 42 per centum severally with matchi ng additions in the portion of coal to 12 per centum, hydro to 17.6 per centum, renewable to 1 per centum and atomic to 3 per centum. Over the long term, the addition in other beginnings of energy, has been targeted with significant decrease in the portion of oil.EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN THE CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES3.8 HYDROPOWERThe identified hydro power potency of Pakistan is 46,000 MW, out of which merely 14 per cent ( 6,500 MW ) has been exploited so far. Despite this large potency, no hydro power undertaking has been established by WAPDA since Tarbela Dam. The most executable and economical undertaking Kala Bagh Dam has become so controversial that it could non take off though consecutive authoritiess wished so. There are programs to develop the hydro resources on a big graduated table through storage and run -of-the-river undertakings. Feasibility surveies of several undertakings have already been prepared, while surveies of several extra undertakings are in advance ment or planned. Hydro is one of the major economic energy supply options in Pakistan for increasing the energy security of the state. The experts caution that for the clip skylines of around 100 old ages, hydro storage undertakings are ‘non -renewable ‘ due to the silting of these reservoirs. For illustration, over the last 30 old ages, the storage capacity of Tarbela dike has been reduced by 27 per cent due to silting. Similarly, there is a universe broad concern over the disruption of population and the environmental jeopardies associated with big dikes. Another issue related to the hydro power is that a big figure of extra sites with major possible exist in the cragged North, but the trouble of entree and the high cost of transmittal to the thickly settled South make the thought into a completed undertaking a distant chance. Not merely, it means extra cost to construct the transmittal substructure but at the same clip a immense loss occurs during the transmittal ( it is estimated to be between 28 to 30 per centum ) . Another job is the seasonal fluctuation, where in winter the coevals is reduced due to shortage of H2O in the storages. However, hydro is still the most economical energy resource in Pakistan.3.9 OIL AND GASThere are considerable oil and gas militias in Pakistan. The rough oil militias are estimated at 27 billion barrels including 300 million barrels proved militias. The degree of production is soon 22.6 million barrels compared with the degree of ingestion of 100 million barrels. The natural gas militias are 8 trillion three-dimensional metres including the proved militias of 0.8 trillion three-dimensional metres. The degree of production is soon 93 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours compared with the degree of ingestion of 82 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours. The oil sector has all along been to a great extent dependent on imports of approximately 85 per centum of the national demand. Ann ually about 7.8 million metric tons of petroleum oil, 5.2 million metric tons of oil merchandises and 2.8 million metric tons of coal are being imported. The local production of oil and gas would get down worsening due to depletion of resources. There would besides be a shortage of gas unless considerable part is made from new finds. In instance the spread is non met through autochthonal supply, there will be need to import gas, and the needed substructure would hold to be placed in a timely mode.3.10 CoalPakistan ‘s coal resources are estimated at 185 billion metric tons ( 82,700 MTOE, or 2 per cent of the universe coal resources ) , out of which 95 per cent are in the Thar coal field in Sindh. This coal is of lignite rank holding high wet content and low warming value. So far merely 3.3 billion metric tons of coal resources are in the ‘measured ‘ class, and sing a recovery factor of 60 per cent, these correspond to some 2.0 billion metric tons of recoverable coal militias. However, this coal is tantamount to the combined oil militias of Saudi Arabia and Iran. As portion of the scheme of increasing local energy content, a major accent is being placed on working coal resources for large-scale usage in power coevals, and perchance for the production of coal bed methane.3.11 NUCLEAR ENERGYPakistan has two atomic power workss, Chashma-1 and Kanupp, with 300 MW and 125 MW severally, of installed capacity. The PAEC operates both atomic workss. Pakistan is presently working on a 3rd atomic power works ( Chashma-2 ) , with the aid of China National Nuclear Corporation. The works will hold 325 MW of installed capacity expected to be completed by 2012.INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATE ENERGYEnergy is one of the most of import issues for all authoritiess universe over. Developed provinces need energy to prolong their advanced manner of life and to provide to the every-changing demands of life dictated by engineering. Developing states need ener gy for it is the sine qua non for development. Alternative energy has been the most recent add-on to the academic and practical facets of the energy universe. The construct is relevant but its importance is absolute. Developed provinces have begun to pull off their energy sector in an progressively alternate energy based position and, this has a great lessons for a state like Pakistan which is draw a bead oning to develop into a healthy economic system with an improved quality of life for its citizens. The theory and usage of alternate energy is at the most introductory phase in Pakistan. However, in footings of resources and usage of surrogate energy, Pakistan stands good placed to use this fresh construct in the national policy model Alternate or renewable energy, beginnings show important promise in assisting to cut down the sum of toxins that are byproducts of energy usage. Not merely do they protect against harmful byproducts, but utilizing alternate energy helps to continue many of the natural resources that we presently use as beginnings of energy. The Alternate Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) has been established to ease development of renewable energy undertakings. At least 5 per cent of the entire electricity bring forthing capacity of the state is targeted to be based on these beginnings by the twelvemonth 2030. To understand how alternate energy usage can assist continue the delicate ecological balance of the planet, and assist us conserve the non-renewable energy beginnings like fossil fuels, it is of import to cognize what types of alternate energy can be brought into world in Pakistan. Renewable beginnings of energy like air current power, solar, geothermic energy, moving ridge and tidal power, biomass energy, H and fuel cells, every bit good as hydropower are options to fossil fuel and regarded as alternate beginnings of energy.3.12 WIND POWERWind power is one of the earliest signifiers of energy used by world. Windmills were used on farms in the early portion of the 20th century to pump H2O and generate electricity. Now considered an alternate energy beginning, air current power is being harnessed by modern windmills with lighter, stronger blades. In US provinces such as California, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Montana, up to several hundred windmills may run together in unfastened count ries with steady air currents. Single elephantine windmills capable of supplying electricity to several thousand places are besides runing in the United States. With new engineerings being developed to better windmill public presentation and efficiency, air current power is a promising, clean, inexpensive, and abundant beginning of energy for the hereafter. The air current power captured by turbines at is a beginning of energy that does non harm the environment. Wind energy harnesses the power of the air current to impel the blades of air current turbines. The rotary motion of turbine blades is converted into electrical current by agencies of an electrical generator. In the older windmills, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machinery to make physical work, like oppressing grain or pumping H2O. Wind towers are normally built together on air current farms. Now, electrical currents are harnessed by big graduated table air current farms that are used by national electrical grids every bit good as little single turbines used for supplying electricity to stray locations or single places. Wind power produces no pollution that can pollute the environment. Since no chemical procedures take topographic point, like in the combustion of fossil fuels, in air current power coevals, there are no harmful byproducts left over. Since air current coevals is a renewable beginning of energy, Pakistan will ne'er run out of it. Farming and graze can still take topographic point on land occupied by air current turbines which can assist in the production of bio-fuels. Wind farms can be built off-shore. Since 2001, planetary air current capacity has about doubled to 47,760 megawatts and is cheaper than natural gas even without subsidies ; on good sites, air current is even shuting in on coal. Pakistan has potencies of air current energy runing from 10000MW, yet power coevals through air current is in intiaial phases in Pakistnan and presently 06 MW has been installed in first stage in Jhampir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power workss will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi.3.13 SOLAR POWEREnergy from the Sun is a free, abundant, and nonpolluting beginning of energy. Solar power involves utilizing solar cells to change over sunshine into electricity, utilizing sunlight hitting solar thermic panels to change over sunshine to heat H2O or air. Pakistan has potency of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Buildinn of solar power workss is afoot in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private sellers are importing panels/solar H2O warmers for ingestion in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) is working for 20,000 solar H2O warmers in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by theh authorities to switch supply of energy to their transmittal towers from crude oil to solar energy panels.3.14 GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Hot stones under the land heat H2O to bring forth steam. When holes are drilled in the part, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. If done right, geothermic energy produces no harmful byproducts. Once a geothermic works is build, it is by and large self-sufficing energy wise. Geothermal power workss are by and large little and have small consequence on the natural landscape. Geothermal energy is the natural heat generated in the inside of Earth and released from vents and hot springs or from geysers that shoot out het H2O and steam. Reservoirs of hot H2O and steam under Earth ‘s surface can be accessed by boring through the stone bed. The of course het H2O can be used to heat edifices, while the steam can be used to bring forth electricity. Steam can besides be produced by pumping cold H2O into stone that is heated by geothermic energy ; such steam is so used to bring forth electric power. Geothermal energy is an of import alternate energy beginning in countries of geothermic activity, including parts of the United States, Iceland, and Italy. Homes in Boise, Idaho, are heated utilizing geothermic energy, as are most edifices in Iceland. The Geysers in California is the largest steam field in the universe and has been used to bring forth electricity since 1960. Unlike solar energy and air current power, nevertheless, the usage of geothermic energy has an environmental impact. Chemicals in the steam contribute to air pollution, and H2O assorted with the steam contains dissolved salts that can eat pipes and injury aquatic ecosystems.3.15 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGYThe rise and autumn of ocean tides contain tremendous sums of energy that can be captured to bring forth electricity. Tidal power cab be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by turn uping a H2O turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can so hive away en ergy until needed. Coastal tides are a beginning of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy. Plans are underway in Pakistan to tackle tidal energy, nevertheless, no execution has been made so far.3.16 AGRICULTURE BIOMASS/BIODIESELBiomass production involves utilizing refuse or other renewable resources such as sugar cane, maize or other flora to bring forth electricity. When refuse decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and subsequently burned to bring forth electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned straight to bring forth energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to organize intoxicants. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy plans from biomass/biodiesel in the universe, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) of Pakistann has planned to bring forth 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar undertakings in 20 metropoliss of state.